Molecular Biology and Evolution

Questions: 1. Would you be able to explain and portray the association among development and the legacy of hereditary material.2. You book discusses an investigation by Frederick Griffith. How did Griffiths explore alter the course of atomic science? Be explicit and completely clarify your answer. 3. Presently we should push ahead and consider the Medel tests. Talk about the association between Mendel's outcomes and the procedure of meiosis. Answer: Variety in the qualities permits a few people of a specific animal varieties to adjust as indicated by the evolving condition. The characteristic choice relies legitimately upon the phenotypes. The distinctive phenotypic variety inside a particular animal categories is caused more by hereditary varieties. Some new hereditary material can build the capacity of a life form to recreate and endure. These specific hereditary materials or alleles are conveyed to the cutting edge alongside the phenotype properties. In this way, the legacy of hereditary material empowers an animal groups to get by regardless of an unfavorable domain (Tamure et al., 2013). Frederic Griffith utilized two strains of Pneumococcus microscopic organisms, one is the pathogenic strain (III-S) and the other is the non-pathogenic strain (II-R). He infused the two strains into two mice, separately (Atzmon et on., 2010). He again infused two other mice with heat murdered pathogenic strain and a blend of warmth slaughtered pathogen and the non pathogenic strain. The mice that were infused with the pathogenic strain and the blend of warmth murdered pathogen and non pathogenic strain kicked the bucket. The other two endure. The blood of the mouse, that was infused with blend of warmth murdered pathogen and living non pathogen contained both III-S and II-R type microorganisms. Griffith inferred that by one way or another the non pathogen had changed to the pathogenic strain and he named it as The Transforming Process. This trial further prompted the different investigations of moving the hereditary materials (Tamure et al., 2013). The different hereditary tests performed by Mendel prompted the comprehension of autonomous combination of the qualities. The qualities group freely during the procedure of meiosis in an arbitrary mix in the gametes. In the meiosis procedure the two alleles of qualities gets isolated from one another and the two of them have a similar opportunity to be in a similar gamete (Atzmon et on., 2010). References: Atzmon, G., Cho, M., Cawthon, R. M., Budagov, T., Katz, M., Yang, X., ... Wright, W. E. (2010). Advancement in wellbeing and medication Sackler colloquium: Genetic variety in human telomerase is related with telomere length in Ashkenazi centenarians.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America,107, 1710-1717. Tamura, Koichiro, Glen Stecher, Daniel Peterson, Alan Filipski, and Sudhir Kumar. MEGA6: sub-atomic transformative hereditary qualities investigation adaptation 6.0.Molecular science and evolution(2013): mst197.

Individual Conflict Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Singular Conflict Assessment - Essay Example The paper Singular Conflict Assessment discusses the social clash as a tempest utilizing individual model which is best depicted as dissimilar. On the off chance that the relational domain resembles climate, the metrological powers in the environment resemble the practices individuals take part in to address their issues and wants.Conflict in my group of birthplace is best portrayed as unique. It has been with the end goal that the meteorological powers of some have customarily consumed the assumption of others, or that the proceeded with force of certain practices has invaded the energy of others. Strife in my family has frequently been awry. By and by, I have been feeling worried about clash. I regularly feel that I am doomed in the event that I do and cursed on the off chance that I don’t. On the off chance that somebody disagrees with me and I don't avoid, they will regularly press until they see what they accept to be capitulation. On the off chance that somebody disagree s with me and I object, they will frequently blame me for being wild or rude.Likewise, I regularly felt a lot of worried about clash inside my group of starting point. I regularly felt that my voice was not heard, that I was frequently surrounded, and that for me there was no genuine equity at home. At the point when Mom and Dad were grinding away, it was natural selection between the kin present. Every so often you were more fit than others, and once in a while you just didn’t have the solidarity to retaliate. Mother and Dad once in a while agreed with me. I surmise the pressure originates from the information that occasionally nobody will be there to pay special mind to you.

Word of the Week! Arriviste Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Arriviste Richmond Writing Last weeks parvenu provides an excellent example of a loan-word from French. English has so many of these terms that they merit their own category at the blog. Last weeks word was not quite as nasty as this also rare term, so I love it! To quote the OED, the arriviste persistently strives to advance his or her position, social status, etc., esp. to an extent considered ruthless or unscrupulous; spec. one who has recently or rapidly advanced to a social group for which he or she is considered unfit or unworthy.   We can use the term as noun or adjective. Such unwelcome and unhealthy ambition! Theres no sugar-coating our Word of the Week this time. Parvenus could, I suppose, simply want to join the crowd. Arrivistes simply do not belong. They will use any means to get in. I suppose we smile upon the parvenu who behaves well, but we should beware the arriviste. Think of the classic film  All About Eve. Things do not end well. Please send us words and metaphors useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Film image courtesy of Wikipedia Commons.

Hamlet - Misplaced Loyalty Essay examples - 878 Words

Loyalty to King and country, that is to say royalty, has historically been of paramount importance to every citizen regardless of rank or station and is exemplified in Shakespeares Hamlet. The philosophy of the divine right of kings and the natural balance of power move Hamlet into action to avenge his fathers murder and set his nation, as well has his life, back to order. He accomplishes this task though various means, though all in proportion with his end in settling with Claudius, solving differences with his mother and in sizing up his friendship with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet is at first understandably dismayed and mournful to hear of his fathers death but when he first learns of his fathers murder, Hamlet swears to†¦show more content†¦Hamlet furious, frantically moves to strike the King with a poisoned foil and forces him to drink of the same deadly chalice his mother did. Only in Hamlets death was he able to avenge his fathers murder by killing Claudius, but more importantly orders Horatio to record his treacherous tale so that all will know of the true King Hamlet and the imposter Claudius, Report me and my cause aright to the unsatisfied. (V, ii, 334-345). With this final act, Hamlets revenge is complete. Even before Hamlet realized his father had been murdered he bore his mother ill will for marrying, in his mind, far too soon after his fathers death. These brooding thoughts Hamlet allowed to percolate within his mind, growing stronger and stronger until he finally erupted in a fit of passionate anger when alone with his mother in act 3 when Hamlet asks her to Confess yourself to heaven, repent whats past, avoid what is to come; (III, IV, 151-152). Queen Gertrudes sins have transgressed beyond merely angering her son Hamlet, she has broken her marriage vows to her true love by marrying King Hamlets very brother, Claudius. We see Hamlets anger boil to the point at which his mother fears for her safety so that she cries out for help and it is not until the appearance of King Hamlets ghost that Hamlet remembers to Speak daggers, though use none. Sparing her life as his fathers ghost instructed him to do. Hamlet advises his mother not to sleep in such an incestuous bed andShow MoreRelate dStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesEmployers Owe Workers More Satisfying Jobs? 74 glOBalization! Culture and Work–Life Balance 76 Self-Assessment Library Am I Engaged? 78 Myth or Science? â€Å"Favorable Job Attitudes Make Organizations More Profitable† 83 Point/Counterpoint Employer–Employee Loyalty Is an Outdated Concept 87 Questions for Review 88 Experiential Exercise What Factors Are Most Important to Your Job Satisfaction? 89 Ethical Dilemma Bounty Hunters 89 Case Incident 1 Long Hours, Hundreds of E-Mails, and No Sleep: Does This SoundRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmatters not what you are thought to be, but what you are.† Alfred Lord Tennyson said: â€Å"Self-reverence, self-knowledge, self-control, these three alone lead to sovereign power.† Probably the most oft-quoted passage on the self is Polonius’ advice in Hamlet: â€Å"To thine own self be true, and it must follow as the night the day, thou canst not then be false to any man.† Messinger reminded us: â€Å"He that would govern others must ï ¬ rst master himself.† Self-awareness lies at the heart of the ability to masterRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagespotential of all members of staff was more deeply embedded in managerial culture in these c ountries at an earlier period than in many other Western countries. For historical reasons, the creation of an atmosphere in which the organization can rely on loyalty and commitment is considered less risky in Nordic countries than in many others (Kreiner and Mouritsen, 2003). This democratic perspective also has its place in the United States. The development of the democratic perspective provides a link between

Alcohol and Drinking - Challenging the Legal Drinking Age...

Challenging the Legal Drinking Age Do the current laws involving the age at which adults can start drinking really make sense? There are many reasons why the government changed the legal drinking age to 21, but has this actually caused a decrease in the amount of alcohol consumed by persons between 18 and 21? Alcohol related crime and traffic accidents have gone down in recent years, but the source of this drop may not simply have to do with raising the drinking age, as the government would like you to believe. There is a theory in psychology called the Reactance Theory, which disagrees with the idea that by making more restrictive laws, drinking will slow down. The governments intent to lowering the†¦show more content†¦The proportion of underage drivers on the nations highways on Friday and Saturday nights, who tested positive for alcohol, has decreased from 10.9% in 1973, to 4.6% in 1986 and 2.8% in 1996 (Roeper Voas 755). In a study published in the American Journal of Public Health, Roeper and Voas try to focus on whether these drops on drinking and driving are due to young drivers drinking less, or by separating drinking from driving. The results of this study showed that even though drivers under the age of 21 were far less likely to drink and drive, they were also significantly more likely to have more than 6 drinks in one sitting then older drivers (Roeper Voas 756). This shows that although people drivers under 21 drink more, they still drive less. The reduction of drinking and driving probably has more to do with the zero tolerance laws, rather than having to be 21 years old to drink. The zero tolerance laws would still be a good idea even if the drinking laws were raised back to 21. As anyone who drinks alcohol somewhat regularly knows, when you first start drinking you feel it more and lose control faster. It would make sense to restrict driving even more when someone first starts drinking because of a persons low tolerance, but the age limit on when someone can first start drinking can be an independent law. Many psychologists argueShow MoreRelatedChallenging The Legal Drinking Age1689 Words   |  7 PagesMackenzie Schultz Mrs. Hamilton AP English Language 25 July 2014 Challenging the Legal Drinking Age The Minimum Legal Drinking Age (MLDA) has been challenged since the passing of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act of 1984 that raised the drinking age to twenty-one in all fifty states (Ogilvie). Advocates for lowering the MLDA to eighteen years of age argue that this change will eliminate the thrill of breaking the law for young adults entering college and boost the national economy. SupportersRead MoreThe Debate Over A Proper Legal Drinking Age1243 Words   |  5 Pagesover a proper legal drinking age has been ongoing for decades. Some people believe twenty-one is the right age for legally consuming alcohol, while others believe twenty-one is too old. There are many supporters of an age limit of eighteen on alcohol consumption, but it has not been enough to sway Congress away from their set age of twenty-one. One major advocate for the age of twenty-one is the organization MADD, or â€Å"Mothers Against Drunk Driving†. This organization supports the age of twenty-oneRea d MoreTeen Alcoholism Is Driven By Example1150 Words   |  5 Pagessees someone else drinking, for whatever reason, and they imitate them to either save he or she’s pride and be â€Å"cool† or use is as e remedy to try to feel better about a situation they are in or to numb an unpleasant emotion they do not know how to deal with. affects the physical state of a young person, but also one’s current situations and relationships, and the outcome of he or she’s futures. â€Å"People who begin drinking before age 15 are four times more likely to develop alcohol dependence at someRead MoreThe Problem Of Driving Under The United States1332 Words   |  6 PagesWhen an individual consumes a drink, the alcohol is directed to the blood stream, there are tests that measure how much alcohol is in the system with an approximation percentage. Having 8% percent of alcohol in your body is already considered over board and the person is guessed to be a danger to society if driving a vehicle. DUI is considered to be the nations most committed crime up to date, back in the 80’s people started supporting ways to fight drinking and driving, and were willing to give upRead MorePros And Cons Of Lowering The Drinking Age1822 Words   |  8 PagesAlthough not always the case, the legal drinking age in the United States is 21 years old. However, the minimum legal drinking age drastically varies across the rest of the globe, with some countries allowing legal al cohol consumption before individuals have even turned 18 years old. Since the legal drinking age was changed to 21 years, it has been a controversial issue in the United States. For decades, there have been debates on the pros and cons of lowering the legal age. In fact, there have even beenRead MoreEssay on Drunk Driving as a Social Issue1693 Words   |  7 Pagesbut unsafe to operate an automobile if you are under the influence of alcohol. When a person drinks, the alcohol is absorbed into the blood stream and various tests have been designed to measure the level of alcohol in a person’s blood. In most states, if a person has a blood alcohol level greater than .10%, that person is presumed to be too intoxicated to safely operate an automobile. Driving under the influence of alcohol is considered the nation’s most frequently committed violent crime, andRead MoreHow The Cage Can Be Treated For Adults And Adolescents Over The Age Of 16 ( Aertgeerts )874 Words   |  4 Pagesalcohol in the morning to elude withdrawal and to steady their nerves (Aertgeerts, et al., 2004). These transitional questions, in spite of missing discriminative value, are beneficial for familiarizing the subject, as well as making the consultation less threatening (Aertgeerts, et al., 2004). Item responses are scored zero to one, with a higher score a suggestion of alcohol problems. The total score can range from zero to four (Aertg eerts, et al., 2004). This screening apparatusRead MoreKeeping A Diary Doubles Diet Weight Loss980 Words   |  4 PagesThe Experiment on Alcohol effect on Opposite Sex Attractiveness The independent variable in the experiment was alcohol intake. This variable was manipulated by having the control group drink flavored water and by having the experimental group drink the actual alcohol drink. The dependent variable was level of attractiveness, which was affected by alcohol intake. The level of attractiveness depended on drink served (alcoholic or nonalcoholic). The conclusion that alcohol makes people ofRead MoreThe Diagnosis Of Addiction Clients1576 Words   |  7 PagesGolden Age: 38 Date of Examination: August 18, 2015 Ethnicity: Caucasian Gender: Male Presenting Problem: Mr. Thomas is a married 38 year old Caucasian suffering from Alcohol Use Disorder. Although married, he and his wife constantly argues about his drinking, and she has even stopped sleeping with him when he drinks. He was recently arrested for drinking and driving (DUI/DWI), and was advised by his attorney to quit drinking andRead MoreChildhood Alcoholism And The Effect Of The 12 Step Program For Alcoholics Anonymous As A Form Of Treatment1147 Words   |  5 Pagesdoes, result in illnesses and deaths. â€Å"Alcohol is the world’s third largest risk factor for disease and contributes to 4 [percent] of the global burden of disease† (Marshall, 2014). In relation to alcoholism, specifically adolescent alcoholism is a growing concern in the United States. The age at which young people are starting to experiment with alcohol is younger than ever. Dr. Don Macdonald explains that this may most likely be due to the fact that it is legal for the majority of th e population.

Buddhism The Foundation, Development and Beliefs Free Essays

Though the other divisions of Buddhism have altered their practices to accommodate the needs of a wider range of people, Theravada has remained virtually the same as it was at its founding. Theravada Buddhism is the original and most popular form of Buddhism in Sri Lanka, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Myanmar. Theravada remains closest to the original teachings of the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama. We will write a custom essay sample on Buddhism: The Foundation, Development and Beliefs or any similar topic only for you Order Now Siddhartha Gautama is the original founder of all forms of Buddhism. He was born in present day Nepal around 563 B. C. E. He was a prince of the Shakyas clan, and likely heir to his father’s throne. He was named â€Å"Siddhartha† which means â€Å"he who has attained his goals. † Being the prince of the warrior caste, he trained in the arts of war and grew up to be a strong and handsome young man. When he was at the age of sixteen, he fought and defeated his competitors in a variety of sports, which won him the hand of the beautiful princess Yashodhara, who was also sixteen years old at the time. He continued living in the luxury of his palaces. Soon, however, he grew restless and began to wonder what happens outside the palace. He eventually insisted to be permitted to come out of the palace so he can see his people and his lands. For fear of the prince leading a religious life, the king ordered that only young and healthy people should greet the prince so that he will not see the kind of suffering. However, even with the king’s careful orders, he still caught sight of a couple of old men, who accidentally wandered near the parade route, at Kapilavatthu, the capital. Curious of who these people were, he chased after them. He then came to a place where some people are desperately ill and even came across a funeral ceremony by the side of the river, seeing death for the first time in his life. Siddhartha saw four sights: a sick man, a poor man, a beggar, and a corpse. When he caught sight of these, his heart soon filled with vast loneliness for the suffering that humanity has to go through. He then asked his friend and squire Chandaka what those things meant. Chandaka told him that all of us grow old, sick and eventually, die, saying that these truths should have been told to him before. (Boeree, 1999). He said upon seeing these realities: â€Å"When ignorant people see someone who is old, they are disgusted and horrified, even though they too will be old some day. I thought to myself: I don’t want to be like the ignorant people. After that, I couldn’t feel the usual intoxication with youth anymore. When ignorant people see someone who is sick, they are disgusted and horrified, even though they too will be sick some day. I thought to myself: I don’t want to be like the ignorant people. After that, I couldn’t feel the usual intoxication with health anymore. When ignorant people see someone who is dead, they are disgusted and horrified, even though they too will be dead some day. I thought to myself: I don’t want to be like the ignorant people. After than, I couldn’t feel the usual intoxication with life anymore. † (AN III. 39, interpreted) (Boeree, 1999) He also saw an ascetic or a monk who has abandoned all the pleasures and cravings of the flesh. What struck Siddhartha the most is the peaceful expression on the monk’s face, which left a deep impression on him. Going back to the palace after this and despite having what appeared to be the perfect life of luxury, Siddhartha became very discontent with the material world and decided to leave his family. He realized that he could no longer live happy with the thought that, even with all their luxury, there would still come a time that he will suffer and die. With these thoughts, he soon wondered what he may do so that he can overcome suffering, more than anything else. He left his privileged life as a prince and ran away to the forest in search of spiritual understanding. For a while, he studied with two well-known gurus of that time but soon found that their practice is not enough to answer his question. That was when he began to follow the practices of a group of five ascetics: austerities and self-mortifications. For six years, he practiced with utmost sincerity and intensity that the five ascetics became his followers before long. However, he still did not find the answers he was looking for. He decided to double his efforts by refusing food and water until he was in a state of near death. One day, Sujata, a peasant girl saw this starving monk. She took pity on him and offered him to eat some of her milk-rice. Soon, he realized that self-mortification still do not help him answer his questions. He decided to carry out a practice that will be middle way between the extremes of luxurious and self-mortification life. For many days, Siddhartha sat beneath a particular fig tree, called the bodhi tree, in the town of Bodh Gaya, vowing that he will never stand up until he found the answers to the problem of suffering. At first, he deeply concentrated in clearing his mind from all distractions, and later on, in mindless meditation. They said that he started to recall all his previous lives, and see everything that was going on in the entire universe. He became the Buddha, meaning â€Å"he who is awake†, with the rising of the morning star on the full moon of May, when he finally found the answers he was looking for (Hooker, 1996). He spent the next forty five years teaching others about the path to enlightenment. After an exhaustive ministry he died around 483 B. C. E. During his life, none of Siddhartha Gautama’s teachings were ever written down. During the following 100 years after his death, Buddhism spread throughout India and Sri Lanka. A group of Buddhist monks held a council in the Capital city of Patna, during the third century B. C. E. , to come to a consensus on what the original teachings of Siddhartha were. When the council came to agreement about Siddhartha’s true original teachings, the teachings became the doctrine of Theravada Buddhism. Theravada Buddhism has not deviated from this doctrine since. Theravada Buddhism’s main goal is for the individual practitioner to reach Nirvana. This is accomplished by realizing the very foundation of Buddhism which was the â€Å"Four Noble Truths†: The Four Noble Truths: 1. ) All human life is suffering (dhukka ). 2. ) All suffering is caused by human desire, particularly the desire that impermanent things be permanent. 3. ) Human suffering can be ended by ending human desire. 4. ) Desire can be ended by following the â€Å"Eightfold Noble Path†: right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right concentration (Bullitt, 2005). The practitioner must also follow the Eight Fold Path; 1. ) right view, 2. ) right resolve, 3. ) right speech, 4. ) right action, 5. ) right livelihood, 6. ) right effort, 7. ) right mindfulness, and 8. ) right concentration. The council all also agreed in practicing the â€Å"Four Cardinal virtues† which were friendliness, compassion, joy, and equanimity. During the onset of Buddhism, the religion comprised of only very few followers making it relatively insignificant among the vast variety of Hindu sects. But when Asoka, the great Mauryan emperor converted to Buddhism in the third century BC, the young and insignificant religion soon spread profusely throughout India and was carried across the Indian Ocean to Sri Lanka. Just like rumors change as they are spread from person to person, Buddhism was slightly altered over time. The original form Theravada Buddhism, held its ground in Sri Lanka as the Buddhists of Sri Lanka maintained a form that was most similar to the original form of Siddhartha’s teachings. On the other hand, the rest of India, then the world in general later on, Buddhism fragmented into a million sects and versions. Theravada Buddhism requires intensive meditation. To follow his form of Buddhism requires the practitioner to devote a lifetime to its practice, thus making it difficult or even imposable for the average modern person to commit to such an undertaking. Despite the extreme demands of Theravada Buddhism, it is gaining popularity in Singapore, Australia as well as other parts of the western world. There are over 100 million Theravada Buddhists worldwide. Theravada has had less success spreading than other forms of Buddhism. Forms of Buddhism such as Zen are much more user friendly and are less demanding. Theravada Buddhism might not be the most popular, but it remains true to teachings of the genius who founded the religion. Just as well, Buddhism is in fact, a way of life. References: Boeree, D. C. G. (1999). The Life of Siddhartha Gautama. Retrieved February 21, 2007, from http://webspace. ship. edu/cgboer/siddhartha. html Bullitt, J. (2005). What is Theravada Buddhism? Hooker, R. (1996). The Historical Siddhartha [Electronic Version]. Retrieved February 21, 2007 from http://www. wsu. edu/~dee/BUDDHISM/SIDD. HTM. How to cite Buddhism: The Foundation, Development and Beliefs, Papers

Welding Process free essay sample

Energy beam welding methods, namely laser beam welding and electron beam welding, are relatively new processes that have become quite popular in high production applications. The two processes are quite similar, differing most notably in their source of power. Laser beam welding employs a highly focused laser beam, while electron beam welding is done in a vacuum and uses an electron beam. Both have a very high energy density, making deep weld penetration possible and minimizing the size of the weld area. Both processes are extremely fast, and are easily automated, making them highly productive. The primary disadvantages are their very high equipment costs (though these are decreasing) and a susceptibility to thermal cracking. Developments in this area include laser-hybrid welding, which uses principles from both laser beam welding and arc welding for even better weld properties. Electron Beam Welding Introduction: Electron Beam Welding (EEW) is a unique way of delivering large amounts of concentrated thermal energy to materials being welded. We will write a custom essay sample on Welding Process or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It became viable as a production process in the late 1950s. At that time, it was used mainly in the aerospace and nuclear industries. Since then, it has become the welding technique with the widest range of applications. This has resulted from the ability to use the very high energy density of the beam to weld parts ranging in sizes from very delicate small components using just a few watts of power to welding steel at a thickness of 10 to 12 inches with 100 Kilowatts or more. However, even today most of the applications are less than 1/2 in thickness, and cover a wide variety of metals and even dissimilar metal joints How it works: The most common Electron Beam systems used in manufacturing today are of the high vacuum design. The other machine types are: 1- Partial vacuum equipment. 2- Non-vacuum equipment. These two types are used in mass production where high output is important. The diagram shown shows the classic triode gun and column assembly. The triode gun design consists of the cathode (Filament), Bias cup (Grid) and Anode. Other sub-assembly components that contribute to the triode are: High voltage insulator Feed-through, high voltage cable and deflection coils. All these components are housed in a vacuum vessel called the upper column. The column assembly is held under a high vacuum by an isolation valve positioned below the anode assembly. The vacuum environment provides several benefits: †¢Removes the bulk gas molecules necessary for a stable triode. †¢Provides protection for the incandescent filament against oxidization. †¢Provides a controlled environment to protect the gun against welding by product. BeamFormation:UpperColumn The beam formatting begins with the emission of electrons from the incandescently heated tungsten filament. During this process the filament is saturated by a determined amount of the electrical current. Electrons boil off the filament tip as it reaches operating temperatures and gathers in the grid cup assembly. A negative high voltage potential (acceleration voltage) is applied to the filament cathode assembly with the cathode assembly charged at 150 kV the only force preventing the electron beam from propagating is a secondary negatively charged voltage that resides on the grid cup or bias assembly. This voltage respectively lower than the accelerating voltage acts as a valve that controls the volume of electron energy that can flow from the cathode emitter to its attracting target. The anode at a positive potential is one of the attracting targets in the triode but its role is more of a beam formation device rather than a collector of electrons. The secondary target is the work piece which is usually metallic and offers a conductive path to earth to complete the circuit. The electron gun assembly design is a result of some extensive engineering studies and experimentation. Some of the early triode designs were mathematically modeled and their designs still produced today. Beam Delivery: Lower Column Other important components of the beam delivery column are the focus and deflection coils and isolation valve. The magnetic focus coil located beneath the anode assembly provides the means for squeezing the beam into a tightly focused stream of energy or can be used to widely dispersed energy resource. The deflection coil is another important component that will contribute to the latter discussion of beam control parameters but for now we will simply say that it is a steering device. The focus coil is circular in design and is concentric with the column. An electrical current is passed through the coil which produces the resultant magnetic fluxes that act to converge the electron beam. The deflection coil is configured with four separately wound coils positioned at right angles to the column. The four coils are segmented as sets (x and y) each axis becomes a separate control allowing the energizing of each axis on command, thus steering the beam. Many industrial applications require the precise manipulation of the beam energy so as to provide a pattern for processing. This is usually accomplished by superimposing an AC signal onto the four coils simultaneously therefore creating a specific pattern. The isolation valve serves to isolate the vacuum environment in the upper column from the lower. After the electron beam has passed through the lower column, it enters the chamber cavity. Another important part of the lower column of the (EBW) machine is the viewing optics, the optics are arranged in the lower column in such a manner that when viewing the beam energy through a video camera or magnified optics it gives the view from a parallel plane, giving the viewer the perception of looking down the column. Beam Interaction in Chamber Cavity: As the beam enters the chamber cavity it is aimed onto a target material placed at a determined height representative of the actual work piece. This procedure is typical in most pre-weld set-up requirements. The welding technician would then follow a process of beam alignment and beam parameter calibration. Unlike laser, the preparation is quite different in the fact that the technician must view the actual beam through the optical system in order to verify the beam alignment and focus. With a laser beam, the technician could not view the beam quality and therefore must rely on instrumentation to profile the beam energy. Once the beam has been tuned and calibrated the equipment is now ready for part processing. The focused beam of electrons is impinged at a targeted location on the weld joint at which point the kinetic energy of the electrons is converted to thermal energy. The work piece can either be stationary and the beam energy deflected or the work piece can be traversed along a desired axis of motion. This motion can be computer controlled such as a CNC table or simply a rotating mechanism can be employed. As the beam energy is applied to the moving part several physical transformations take place. The material instantly begins to melt at the surface and a rapid vaporization occurs followed by the resultant coalescence. Two welding modes are used in the (EBW): 1) Conductance mode: Mainly applicable to thin materials, heating of the weld joint to melting temperature is quickly generated at below the materials surface followed by thermal conductance throughout the joint for complete or partial penetration. The resulting weld is very narrow for two reasons: a) It is produced by a focused beam spot with energy densities concentrated into a . 010 to. 030 area. b) The high energy density allows for quick travel speeds allowing the weld to occur so fast that the adjacent base metal does not absorb the excess heat therefore giving the E. B. process its distinct minimal heat affected zone. 2) Keyhole mode: It is employed when deep penetration is a requirement. This is possible since the concentrated energy and velocity of the electrons of the focused beam are capable of subsurface penetration. The subsurface penetration causes the rapid vaporization of the material thus causing a hole to be drilled through the material. In the whole cavity the rapid vaporization and sputtering causes a pressure to develop thereby suspending the liquidus material against the cavity walls. As the hole is advanced along the weld joint by motion of the work piece the molten layer flows around the beam energy to fill the hole and coalesce to produce a fusion weld. The hole and trailing solidifying metal resemble the shape of an old fashion keyhole. Both the conductance and keyhole welding modes share physical features such as narrow welds and minimal heat affected zone . The basic difference is that a keyhole weld is a full penetration weld and a conductance weld usually carries a molten puddle and penetrates by virtue of conduction of thermal energy. Advantages: 1. Deeper and narrower: Ability to achieve a high depth-to-width ratio eliminating multiple-pass welds. 2. Low heat input: Minimal shrinkage and distortion as well as ability to weld in close proximity to heat sensitive components. 3. Superior strength: Vacuum melt quality can yield 95% strength of base material. 4. Versatility: From . 001 to 3 deep penetration welds, each performed with exceptional control and repeatability. 5. High purity: Vacuum environment eliminates impurities such as oxides and nitrides. 6. Superior process: Permits welding of refractory metals and combinations of many dissimilar metals not easily weld with conventional welding processes. Disadvantages 1. All metals which can be welded by arc processes can be also welded by Electron-Beam-Welding, including exotic ones. Equipment tends to be expensive though, but there are joints which cannot be economically welded by any other process. Finally Electron-Beam-Welding is successfully applied for repair, overhaul and maintenance of expensive items, because it has almost no influence on nearby material. . On the sides of disadvantages of Electron-Beam-Welding one must include the elevated cost of equipment, the relatively high pump-down time, the need for properly designed joints, special fixtures and expert personnel. Laser Beam Welding Introduction: Laser Beam Welding (LBW) is a modern welding process; it is a high energy beam process that continues to expand into modern industries and new applications because of its many advantages like deep weld penetration and minimizing heat inputs. The turn by the manufacturers to automate the welding processes has also caused to the expansion in using high technology like the use of laser and computers to improve the product quality through more accurate control of welding processes. Major Difference: The main difference between traditional electric arc welding processes is in the mode of energy transfer. Unlike electric arc energy transfer, laser energy absorption by a material is affected by many factors like the type of the laser, incident power density and the base metal’s surface condition. Two important factors to help characterizing laser welding are: ) The energy transfer efficiency, -The ratio of the heat observed by the work piece to the incident laser energy. b) The melting efficiency -The ratio of the heat to just melt the fusion zone to the heat observed by the work piece. The laser output is not electrical because does not require electrical continuity. It is also not influenced by magnetism and not limite d to electrically conductive materials. It can contract with any material and its function doesn’t require a vacuum nor does it produce x-rays. How it works: The focal spot is targeted on the work piece surface which will be welded. At the surface the large concentration of light energy is converted into thermal energy. The surface of the work piece starts melting and progresses through it by surface conductance. For welding, the beam energy is maintained below the vaporization temperature of the work piece material because hole drilling or cutting vaporization is required because the penetration of the work piece depends on conducted heat. The thickness of the materials to be welded is generally less than 0. 80 inches if the ideal metallurgical and physical characteristics of laser welding must be realized. Concentrated energy produces melting and coalescence before a heat affected zone is developed. When the materials to be welded are thick and have high thermal conductivity like aluminum. The advantage of having a minimal heat affected zone can be seriously affected because the heat source in this type of welding process is the energy of light, the work piece will be welded purely which means the fatigue strength of the welded joint will be excellent. Energy distribution across the beam is generated by the design of the resonant cavity, including mirror curvatures or shape and their relative arrangement. This combination results in photon oscillation within the cavity specific output beam energy patterns, these patterns are called Transverse Energy Modes (TEMs). The function of all laser beam welding processes whether they be gas (carbon dioxide, helium, neo, etc. ) or other lasing sources is based on the principles of the excitation of atoms using intense light, electricity, electron beams, chemicals and etc. The role of focusing lenses in this process is really important because it concentrates the beam energy into a focal spot as small as 0. 005 in diameters or even less. Like mentioned above there are many types of Laser Beam Welding (LBW) but the most popular types in the industry are: 1. Nd:YAG (neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet) Laser: The Nd: YAG laser uses a man-made crystal as its active medium and produces light with a 1. 06-micron wavelength. 2. Carbon Dioxide Lasers: The CO2 laser uses a mixture of gases including CO2 as the active medium and produces light with a 10. 6-micron wavelength. 3. The Diode Laser: The diode laser uses a semi-conductor diode material as its active medium can be manufactured to produce one of several wavelengths. Industries Served: 1- Aerospace. 2- Defense/military. 3- Electronics. 4- Research development. 5- Medical. 6- Sensors instrumentation. 7- Petrochemical refining. 8- Communications energy. Advantages: 1) Deep and narrow welds can be done. 2) Absence of distortion in welds created. 3) Minimal heat affected zones in welds created. 4) Excellent metallurgical quality will be established in welds. 5) Ability to weld smaller, thinner components. 6) Increased travel speeds. 7) Non-contact welding. Laser-hybrid Welding It is a new type of welding process that combines the principles of laser eam welding and arc welding. Introduction: The combination of laser light and arc into an amalgamated welding process is known since the 1970’s, but for a long time thereafter no further research and development was undertaken. Recently, researchers have turned their attention to this topic again and attempted to unite the advantages of the arc with those of the laser in a hybrid weld process. W hereas in the early days, laser sources still had to prove their suitability for industrial use, nowadays they are standard technological equipment in many manufacturing enterprises. The combination of laser welding with another weld process is called â€Å"hybrid welding process†. This means that a laser beam and an arc act simultaneously in one welding zone, they influence and support each other. Laser: Laser welding not only requires high laser power but also a high quality beam to obtain the desired â€Å"deep-weld effect†. The resulting higher quality of beam can be exploited either to obtain a smaller focus diameter or a larger focal distance. For the projects that are currently underway, a lamp-pumped solid state laser with a laser beam power of 4 kW is used. The laser light is transmitted via a 600? m glass fibre, in which the beginning and the end is water-cooled. The laser beam is projected onto the work piece by a focusing module with a focal distance of 200 mm. Laser Hybrid process: For welding metallic work pieces, the Nd:YAG laser beam is focused to obtain intensities of more than 106W/cm2. When the laser beam hits the surface of the material, this spot is heated up to vaporization temperature, and a vapor cavity is formed in the weld metal due to the escaping metal vapor. The extraordinary feature of the weld seam is its high depth-to-width ratio. The energy-flow density of the freely burning arc is slightly more than 104 W/cm2. Unlike a sequential configuration where two separate weld processes act in succession, hybrid welding may be viewed as a combination of both weld processes acting simultaneously in one and the same process zone. Depending on the kind of arc or laser process used, and depending on the process parameters, the processes will influence each other to a different extent and in different ways. The combination of the laser process and the arc process, there is also an increase in both weld penetration depth and welding speed (as compared to each single process). The metal vapor escaping from the vapor cavity acts upon the arc plasma. Absorption of the Nd:YAG laser radiation in the processing plasma remains negligible. Depending on the ratio of the two power inputs, the character of the overall process may be mainly determined either by the laser or by the arc. Absorption of the laser radiation is substantially influenced by the temperature of the work piece surface. Before the laser welding process can start, the initial reflectance must be overcome, especially on aluminum surfaces. This can be achieved by starting welding with a special start program. After the vaporization temperature has been reached, the vapor cavity is formed, and nearly all radiation energy can be put into the work piece. The energy required for this is thus determined by the temperature dependent absorption and by the amount of energy lost by conduction into the rest of the work piece. In Laser Hybrid welding, vaporization takes place not only from the surface of the work piece but also from the filler wire, so that more metal vapor is available, which in turn facilitates the input of the laser radiation. Advantages Laser hybrid process provides a fast welding speed and large gap capability. Other benefits include the penetration properties of laser welding and the addition of consumables and bridge-building properties of MIG. The use of consumables in the hybrid method means that the metallurgy of the joint can be influenced. This makes the method suitable for use with high-strength steels, with which consumables are needed to get the required properties out of the joint. Duplex stainless steel, employed widely by the offshore industry, can only be welded with a consumable, making it suitable with the hybrid method, but not with conventional laser welding. Conclusion The arc welding processes are cheap and reliable, but in light of the demands from modern society certain important limitations have become crucial. Many properties such as speed, heat input, and environmental aspects may not be improved further due to the limitations caused by the physics of the processes and the distortions observed in arc welding. Of equal importance are the large difficulties met in robotizing the processes where control of the individual weld-pass geometry is a key issue. Substituting with energy beam welding results in many advantages such as low distortion, high speed, and natural automation. Especially introduction of laser/MAG (GMAW) hybrid welding instead of pure laser welding increases the ability to bridge a gap and provides a significant increase in speed when welding a wide gap, and excellent weld properties are obtained. Thus, energy beam welding has bring a lot of advantages to mankind especially in manufacturing sector which then catalyst the progression of economic of one country.

Importance of the Lotus Flower in Chinese Culture

Importance of the Lotus Flower in Chinese Culture The lotus’ importance comes from Buddhism, and is one of the eight precious things in Buddhism. The lotus is said to bloom in Beijing on lunar April 8 (the Buddha’s birthday) and lunar January 8 is Lotus Day. A cultural taboo related to the lotus is  if a woman sews on lunar Lotus Day, she will have menstrual trouble. The lotus (è“ ®Ã¨Å  ±, lin huÄ , è  ·Ã¨Å  ±, hà © huÄ ) is known as the gentleman’s flower because it grows out from the mud, pure and unstained. The he in a man’s name indicates he is either a Buddhist or connected to Buddhism. The he in a woman’s name is a wish that she be pure and respected. è“ ® (lin) sounds similar to è  ¯ (lin, to bind, connect as in marriage); 戀(lin) means to love while Ã¥ »â€° (lin) means modesty; è  · (hà ©)sounds similar to å’Å' ( hà ©, also, one after another, uninterrupted). trouble. In Buddhism, the Lotus Symbolizes: One who comes out of mire but is not sulliedInwardly empty, outwardly uprightPurityFruit, flower and the stalk of the lotus past, present and future Famous Pictures and Sayings Related to the Lotus Lotus bloom with a leaf and bud means a complete union.Magpie sitting on the stamens of a blown lotus and picking seeds: xiguo may you have the joy (xi) of passing one exam (guo) after another (lian)A boy with a carp (yu) beside a lotus (lian) means may you have abundance (yu) year in and year out (lian).Two lotus blooms or a lotus and a blossom on one stem means wish for shared heart and harmony, because è  · (hà ©) means union.A lotus (which represents a girl) and a fish (symbolizing a boy) means love.Red lotus blossom symbolizes the female genitals, and courtesans were often called red lotus.Lotus stem symbolizes the male genitalsA blue lotus stem (qing) symbolizes cleanliness and modestyLotus symbolizes He Xian-gu.The picture of a man on a boat surrounded by lotus blossoms is writer and philosopher Zhou Dun-yi (1017 to 1073) who liked the flower.

7 Steps to Getting Enough Sleep in College

7 Steps to Getting Enough Sleep in College Theres a reason most college students sleep in whenever they have the chance: theyre exhausted, sleep-deprived, and in desperate need of some sleep at any given time. And yet, finding time to sleep in college can be quite challenging. Sleep is often the first thing to get cut when stress levels and workloads pile up. So just how can you find time to sleep in college? 7 Steps to Getting Enough Sleep in College Step #1: Do your best to make sure you get a certain amount every night. This one is admittedly common sense, but theres a reason why its listed first. If you get 7 hours on Monday, 2 hours on Tuesday, etc., this pattern can wreak havoc on your bodys (and minds) ability to really rest and recover as you sleep. Getting a decent and consistent amount of sleep each night is your best bet for not feeling exhausted during your entire 4 (or 5 or 6) years of college. Try to set up a sleep pattern that works for your schedule and do your best to stick to it. Step #2:  Take naps. The reality of college life, of course, often gets in the way of the previous suggestion. So what can you do? Take naps, whether they be 20-minute power naps or a nice, 2-hour nap between classes in the afternoon. The sleep will let you rest and recover while still allowing you to take on the remainder of your day. Step #3:  Exercise. Besides keeping you healthy, exercise helps you sleep better. While your schedule may be packed, finding time to exercise is easier than you think and can definitely help increase your energy level and decrease your exhaustion. Step #4:  Eat well. Also in the I know I should do that, but ... category, eating well can help make your sleep more restful and productive. Think about how you feel if you eat a good breakfast, a healthy lunch, and a not-too-crazy dinner. Eating well makes during your waking hours, and the same applies to your sleeping hours. Healthier meals really do mean healthier sleep. Choose wisely! Step #5:  Dont pull all-nighters. Yes, the dreaded all-nighter is a rite of passage for many, if not most, college students. Yet they are positively dreadful on your body (and mind and spirit and everything else). Do your best to figure out how not to procrastinate in the first place so you dont have to pull all-nighters during your time in school. Step #6:  Make sure your sleep is restful. Falling asleep with the TV on, the lights on, your roommates music on, and tons of people popping in and out all night may look like a normal night for you but it is not a normal and healthy way to get restful sleep each night. Sleeping in a non-restful environment can sometimes leave you feeling more sleepy than refreshed in the morning, so do your best to make sure that when you go to sleep you can actually, you know, sleep. Step #7:  Watch your caffeine intake. College life requires a lot of energy which sometimes means that students walk around drinking coffee all day, every day. But that cup of coffee you drank after dinner may very well keep you up until breakfast tomorrow. Try to avoid having too much caffeine  during the later hours of the day so that you can actually rest (instead of fight the last of your caffeine buzz) when you finally go to sleep at night.

Edward Muybridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Edward Muybridge - Essay Example Muybridge through a series of photographs featuring a galloping horse supported Stanford’s assertion of how during a full gallop, the horse’s front and the hind legs extended maximally, thereby making it off the ground. Muybridge further supported this assertion of â€Å"unsupported transit† through the use of more technical equipments, like zoopraxiscope. It is â€Å"a lantern he developed that projected images in rapid succession onto a screen from photographs printed on a rotating glass disc, producing the illusion of moving pictures.† (â€Å"Eadweard Muybridge†). When he showed the horses’ gallop in a fast moving manner through zoopraxiscope, he was able to convince many regarding the unsupported transit theory. Thus, Muybridge photographic study on animal locomotion is a path breaking one, not attempted by other photographs and it led to the formation of various give scientific theories regarding animal locomotion. In addition, it also h ad cultural impacts in the way horses were looked and trained. Muybridge’s development of Zoopraxiscope and the resultant running images acted as the inspiration for the development of movie cameras and thereby development of cinemas. â€Å"Zoopraxiscope is an important predecessor of the modern cinema† (â€Å"Eadweard Muybridge†). Although we know Lumiere Brothers has the developers of the first cinema, the role of Muybridge in that evolution cannot be overlooked. George Melies – early film Georges Melies was a French magician and filmmaker, who is known for his innovative technical tricks in filmmaking, and other narrative developments during the initial stages of filmmaking. He started his foray into the entertainment business by purchasing Theatre Robert Houdin. There he conducted performances which revolved around magic tricks as well as illusionist techniques, thereby bringing out an interesting aspect of French Culture. When the Lumiere brothers sh owcased their first moving picture and the camera, which captured those pictures, Melies wanted to buy that camera. As there was no favorable response from the Lumiere brothers, Melies purchased another motion picture camera from UK, and started making his own films. â€Å"Melies' first films were straightforward cityscapes and event films, but soon he was using the camera to document magic acts and gags from the stage of the Theatre Robert-Houdin† (Larson). Even while making those sorts of films, purely by accident Melies discovered how the camera can be manipulated to create special efforts. He expanded those initial tricks to come up with complex special effects. It was widely regarded that he only pioneered the first double exposure shots, the first split screen with actors acting opposite of themselves, and also the first dissolve through double or multiple exposure shots, â€Å"he was able to create an illusion of people and objects appearing and disappearing at will, or changing from one form to another.† (Larson). In addition, Melies was one of the key pioneers who by editing or stringing a series of independently shot scenes, made it into sizably long short films. Although, Mielies was not able to continuously achieve success in the cinema field, his is still regarded as one of the pioneers of the camera based special effects. . Shepard Fairey –

Cultural Challenges within a Health Care System Essay

Cultural Challenges within a Health Care System - Essay Example It is in this regard that this essay aims to present what the concept of culture is. Further, this paper would delve into the challenges this concept has to perceptions of health and illness in the health care profession. Finally, concrete examples of the challenges in Arabic culture would be provided for clarity and confirmation. Delaune and Ladner (2006) in their book on Fundamentals of Nursing defined culture as â€Å"knowledge, beliefs, behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, habits, customs, languages, symbols, rituals, ceremonies, and practices that are unique to a particular group of people†. (p.388) Simple folks ordinarily know culture as a way of life. To enable a health practitioner to incorporate the concept of culture and be able to address the challenges associated in the effective delivery of healthcare, one should be aware of the concept of cultural competence. According to Campinha-Bacote (1996) cultural competence is "a process, not an end point, in which the nurse continuously strives to achieve the ability to effectively work within the cultural context of an individual, family or community from a diverse cultural/ethnic background†. (p.6) The attainment of cultural competence is viewed as a process that links cultural awareness, cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural encounter and cultural desire. There are six organizational factors which were identified in two separate studies. When combined, these factors provide a guideline for nursing implications relative to a particular cultural group. The organizational factors presented by Spector (2004) and Stanhope and Lancaster (2004) distinguishes outstanding cultural aspects grouped accordingly, and would assist nurses in providing the appropriate patient care. These factors are: (1) communication; (2) space; (3) time orientation; (4) social organization; (5) environmental control; and (6) biological evaluations. â€Å"Arabic is the key to understanding the Arabs, their culture, and

Adult Learning in Cohort Groups :: Adult Education Cohorts Essays

Adult Learning in Cohort Groups [According to a cohort participant,] cohorts are created not born. They are successful when everyone works collaboratively and collectively on improving their own and others' learning experiences. It takes self-responsibility, patience, courage, humor, commitment, sensitivity, and a lot of hard work to create such an enriching learning experience for everybody. (Nesbit 2001, p. 3) Learning in groups has historical roots in adult education and many adult educators use group learning as an element of their programs (ibid.). Recently, a form of group learning—cohorts—has emerged as an attractive option for administrators, instructors, and participants alike (Fahy 2002). Cohorts are usually defined as groups of students who enroll at the same time and go through a program by taking the same courses at the same time, a process that is sometimes referred to as lock step (e.g., Chairs et al. 2002; Reynolds and Hebert 1998). A cohort is much more than a structure, however (Norris and Barnett 1994). It is "a tight-knit, reliable, common-purpose group" (Drago-Severson et al. 2001, p. 15) that has foundations in group dynamics, adult development, and adult learning theory (ibid.; Nesbit 2001; Norris and Barnett 1994). This Brief highlights findings from research and theory on adult learning cohorts to examine how cohorts are structured or formed and the exp erience of the learning process within cohorts. Recommendations for practice are provided. Forming and Structuring Cohorts A cohort is more than an administrative arrangement. In fact, "to view the [cohort] structure merely as a method of course delivery, a vehicle for socialization, a convenient scheduling design, or as an upbeat, fashionable 'in' approach is to do cohort structure an injustice" (Norris and Barnett 1994, p. 34). Cohorts must be purposefully formed and structured if they are to succeed as environments that foster learning and development. Both individual and group development are important aspects of cohorts (Chairs et al. 2002; Lawrence 1997; Norris and Barnett 1994). Cohort structure should support the personal development of its members within a collaborative, cohesive group environment. Research on cohorts (e.g., Brooks 1998; Chairs et al. 2002; Lawrence 1997; Maher 2001; Norris and Barnett 1994) reveals that successful cohorts balance the needs of the group with those of the individual members by fostering a sense of belonging, creating an environment in which mutual respect flourishes, supporting risk taking, providing a place for critical reflection and the development of shared understanding, and encouraging and sustaining multiple perspectives. Adult Learning in Cohort Groups :: Adult Education Cohorts Essays Adult Learning in Cohort Groups [According to a cohort participant,] cohorts are created not born. They are successful when everyone works collaboratively and collectively on improving their own and others' learning experiences. It takes self-responsibility, patience, courage, humor, commitment, sensitivity, and a lot of hard work to create such an enriching learning experience for everybody. (Nesbit 2001, p. 3) Learning in groups has historical roots in adult education and many adult educators use group learning as an element of their programs (ibid.). Recently, a form of group learning—cohorts—has emerged as an attractive option for administrators, instructors, and participants alike (Fahy 2002). Cohorts are usually defined as groups of students who enroll at the same time and go through a program by taking the same courses at the same time, a process that is sometimes referred to as lock step (e.g., Chairs et al. 2002; Reynolds and Hebert 1998). A cohort is much more than a structure, however (Norris and Barnett 1994). It is "a tight-knit, reliable, common-purpose group" (Drago-Severson et al. 2001, p. 15) that has foundations in group dynamics, adult development, and adult learning theory (ibid.; Nesbit 2001; Norris and Barnett 1994). This Brief highlights findings from research and theory on adult learning cohorts to examine how cohorts are structured or formed and the exp erience of the learning process within cohorts. Recommendations for practice are provided. Forming and Structuring Cohorts A cohort is more than an administrative arrangement. In fact, "to view the [cohort] structure merely as a method of course delivery, a vehicle for socialization, a convenient scheduling design, or as an upbeat, fashionable 'in' approach is to do cohort structure an injustice" (Norris and Barnett 1994, p. 34). Cohorts must be purposefully formed and structured if they are to succeed as environments that foster learning and development. Both individual and group development are important aspects of cohorts (Chairs et al. 2002; Lawrence 1997; Norris and Barnett 1994). Cohort structure should support the personal development of its members within a collaborative, cohesive group environment. Research on cohorts (e.g., Brooks 1998; Chairs et al. 2002; Lawrence 1997; Maher 2001; Norris and Barnett 1994) reveals that successful cohorts balance the needs of the group with those of the individual members by fostering a sense of belonging, creating an environment in which mutual respect flourishes, supporting risk taking, providing a place for critical reflection and the development of shared understanding, and encouraging and sustaining multiple perspectives.

Hn 144 Unit 4 Assignment Essay

You will submit a 2–3 page double-spaced paper which should include a cover sheet and references page where you cite the article and the Code of Ethics. These are the only two sources you will need for this Assignment. If you choose to use additional sources, you will need to cite them as well. The paper should be written in APA format using Times New Roman, 12-point font. It should be no less than 500 words and written in paragraph format. You will need to include in-text citations and references. Part B: Ethics are defined as â€Å"a set of moral principles and perceptions about right versus wrong and the resulting philosophy of conduct that is practiced by an individual, group, profession, or culture† (Barker, 2001, p. 159). In the field of human services you will be interacting with individuals with a variety of needs within many systems. Due to the span of diversity among individuals it is important for you to become familiar with the ethical standards as set forth for human service professionals. The following Assignment will require you to find and discuss the importance of the ethical standards as developed by the National Organization of Human Services (NOHS). A code of ethics is â€Å"an explicit statement of the values, principles, and rules of a profession, regulating the conduct of its members† (Barker, 2001, p. 84). For this part of the Assignment, please complete the following: 1. On the internet, locate the Ethical Standards for Human Service Professionals developed by the National Organization of Human Services. 2. After finding the National Organization of Human Services ethical standards website make sure to bookmark this site as you will continue to reference this website throughout your studies. 3. Based upon the article in Part A, identify one ethical issue that may lead you as a human service professional to review the ethical standards and how you can resolve any ethical concerns. Why are the National Organization of Human Service ethical standards important to follow as you begin to work with individuals, families, groups, and communities? 4. Cite the National Organization of Human Services website and the Halstead article on your reference page. Submitting Your Assignment Put your Assignment in a Word document. Save it in a location, and with a name, that you will remember. When you are ready to submit it, go to the Dropbox and complete the steps below: * Click the link that says â€Å"Submit an Assignment.† * In the â€Å"Submit to Basket† menu, select Unit 4: Assignment * In the â€Å"Comments† field, make sure to add at least the title of your paper. * Click the â€Å"Add Attachments† button. * Follow the steps listed to attach your Word document. * To view your graded work, come back to the Dropbox or go to the Gradebook after your instructor has evaluated it. Make sure that you save a copy of your submitted Assignment. STEVE’S JOURNEY ON THE HERO’S PATH It was a warm afternoon, characteristic of those in New England when one last bit of summer lingers before the emergence of autumn colors. I was a counselor in acollege counseling center, and the afternoon had been quiet as is usual for that time of year when students are first settling in on campus. Our office managerinformed me that a student had just walked in requesting to talk to a counselor about his difficulty sleeping. My first thought was that a student coming forcounseling on a beautiful afternoon and presenting with sleep disturbance would be dealing with the typical issues of a new student adjusting to college. I had no ideajust how atypical my encounter would be. Steve was a tall, slender male student in his early 20s. Upon greeting him, I noticed that his face lacked complete symmetry. The left side of his face was void ofexpression, and when he talked his lips pulled to his right. As we made our way to my office, I also noticed that his gait was unsteady, and he walked cautiously. As Ibegan a standard assessment, Steve told me that he was a junior transfer student who had graduated 3 months earlier from a community college near his home. Hewas away from home for the first time, had taken an apartment off-campus, and was living alone. He explained that he felt nervous about being away at school, washaving trouble sleeping, and needed to address this so that he could do well academically. He told me he had looked forward to attending this school for many yearsand did not want anything to stand in the way of his success. It was Steve’s medical history, however, that revealed the deeper elements of his struggle. At the age of 20, Steve had been a victim of a random violent attack. He had

Essay about Frederick Douglass The Story of Slaves by a...

Frederick Douglass: The Story of Slaves by a Slave After the American Revolution, slavery became a more significant component in the American economy. As a result of many slave owners being materialistic, slaves were overworked and treated callously. One such slave was Frederick Douglass. Through most of his life, Douglass was trapped in a typical slave environment. However, Douglass taught himself to read and eventually escaped the desolate life of a slave. After his freedom, Douglass wrote his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, which chronicled his life story. In his book, Douglass details his slave upbringing and how it affected him. His autobiography was incredibly comprehensive which is one reason†¦show more content†¦Douglass did not stop there; after his book was published, Douglass mailed a copy of this story to his master and challenged him to refute it publicly. Douglass was also a great speaker and his speeches got many people to wonder if slavery should be abolished. Many journalists waited for him to speak before they critiqued his book. After they heard him speak, they were sold that his story was credible. In turn, these journalists printed many columns about Douglass and his hardship which helped the abolitionist cause greatly. Nearly every newspaper that came across the Narrative consented it with their approval. Isaac Nelson was a critic and waited to meet Douglass before critiquing on the Narrative. He stated, My meeting with Frederick Douglass dispelled my doubts; he is indeed an extraordinary man-the type of class- such an intellectual phenomenon as only appears at times in the republic of letters (xxix). The British Friend acknowledged that, truth seems stamped on every page of this narrative (xxviii). The Narrative was so powerful that jurors in Virginia jailed a person for circulating the book. The jurors considered th e book was intended to cause slaves to rebel and make insurrection, and denying the right of property of masters in their slaves (xxxiii). Throughout Douglasss autobiography, he described what slavery does to white people. The stories he told are true yet so inconceivable that many readers were shocked howShow MoreRelatedNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreEssay Frederick Douglass and Slavery1448 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass and Slavery Frederick Douglass the most successful abolitionist who changed America’s views of slavery through his writings and actions. Frederick Douglass had many achievements throughout his life. His Life as a slave had a great impact on his writings. His great oratory skills left the largest impact on Civil War time period literature. All in all he was the best black speaker and writer ever. Douglass was born a slave in 1817, in Maryland. He educatedRead MoreAn Autobiography of What He Went Through as a Slave in The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas1073 Words   |  5 PagesThe Narrative Perspective of Frederick Douglass The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass is an autobiography written by Frederick Douglass himself. No one knows the hardships and difficult times that Frederick Douglass went through as a slave, better than himself. That is why Frederick Douglass is considered to be, in my opinion, is the most reliable author when it comes to telling the story of his life as a slave. Frederick Douglass was born in Talbot County, Maryland around the year 1817Read MoreThe Life And Accomplishments Of Frederick Douglass1201 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom being slaves to becoming free, one must not fail to mention the life and accomplishments of Frederick Douglass. 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Both escaped to freedom and fought to bring an end to slavery, each in their own way. Both Jacobs and Douglass have a different purpose for their writings. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass were both slaves that wrote about their struggles and painRead MoreNarrative Life of Frederick Douglass Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pagestalking about the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and how his life was representative towards the telling about slavery. First I will talk about what the difference between urban and plantation slavery. Then I will talk about each type of slavery through events that Frederick Douglass lived through. In the end I will describe how slavery impacted race relations. Numerous people have a diverse way of thinking towards the Narrative of Fredrick Douglass, so some people may think that his descriptionRead MoreSlavery in Literature Essay1504 Words   |  7 PagesSlavery in Literature Frederick Douglass was born into the lifelong, evil, bondage of slavery. His autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, Written by Himself, depicts his accomplishments. The narrative, however, is not only the story of his success. It is not simply a tale of his miraculous escape from slavery. Frederick Douglass narrative is, in fact, an account of his tremendous strides through literacy. He exemplifies a literate man who is able to

The Presidency Of John Fitzgerald Jr. - 801 Words

When people think back to the presidency of John Fitzgerald Kennedy Jr., many people think of his assassination, Martin Luther King Jr., and the Cold War. Although there is one major event that forever changed the course of the world, that being the mission labeled Apollo 11. This mission was to put men on the moon. In words it may sound simple, but so much had to be put into this mission. They did some amazing experiments while on the moon. It is also the origin of many famous sayings used on a daily basis. Some sayings such as â€Å"The Eagle has landed† and Neil Armstrong said, â€Å"That s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.† One can not stress enough how much this mission changed the world and how much new technology this mission brought into the grasp of humans. Let alone the boost in moral it give the public within the United States of America that there may be something greater out there other than the Earth. On May 25, 1961 President John F. Ke nnedy gave an inspirational speech stating, â€Å"I believe this nation should commit itself to achieving the goal, before this decade is out, of landing a man on the moon and returning him safely to Earth† (â€Å"Apollo 11†). This small statement would make a huge impact on the world. Amazingly enough a short eight years later Apollo 11 would lift off from Kennedy Space Center. Inside would contain two men, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, who would live out the rest of their lives in fame of being the first humans on theShow MoreRelatedJohn F. Kennedy: Life and Times853 Words   |  4 PagesJohn Fitzgerald Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts on May 29, 1917. John’s mother’s name was Rose Elizabeth Fitzgerald Kennedy and his father, Joseph Patrick Kennedy. Rose and Joseph had 9 children in total. John had a very competitive childhood with his older brother Joseph Patrick Junior. 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The Expansion Of The United States - 1246 Words

For states all through the nation in the not so distant future, there s a typical topic: an atmosphere of instability coupled with a feeling of veritable open door. In the midst of stresses over the national government s disappointment to help financing for framework, numerous states are making moves to create that subsidizing all alone. Congress appears to have stalled—once more in its endeavors to change the movement framework, however states are sanctioning bills intended to give new rights to some of their undocumented inhabitants. Also after a period in which advanced education projects confronted sensational cuts, states are returning cash to those projects some of them more productively than previously. Here are 10 major issues†¦show more content†¦Among the expresses that could vote on a Medicaid extension are Idaho, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, Wyoming and Tennessee, where Gov. Bill Haslam has likened finding an acceptable way to expand to â₠¬Å"trying to thread a needle from 80 yards.† In numerous statehouses in 2014, extension will be examined close by modifications in how Medicaid is conveyed and got too. There could likewise be suggestions to cover all the more low-salary populaces without extending Medicaid, as Oklahoma and Indiana have done. Anyway the thought of fitting Medicaid to needs and political flow inside individual states is as old as Medicaid itself. â€Å"No two Medicaid programs have ever been the same, and it would not surprise me if we saw innovation on that front, not just in expansion but whatever their needs may be,† says Melissa Hansen, a health policy analyst at the National Conference of State Legislatures. President Obama s push to raise the government the lowest pay permitted by law to $9 every hour is going no place, yet this could expand the weight on states and territories to make a move. Prodded by government stalemate, financial patterns and open feeling, a few states will consider increments in 2014. Furthermore

Lesson 6 Free Essays

Key Question 6 a) The opening Act of King Lear evidently portrays Lear’s downward movement as it coincides with Aristotle’s structure of Greek tragedy. The play begins with Lear, a hero of noble birth and ruler of Britain, in an ordered society soon to be disrupted by a fatal flaw that is the result of his excessive pride. His journey from the ordered to the disordered world becomes apparent after he hands his land over to his two elder daughters and banishes his youngest daughter Cordelia from the kingdom. We will write a custom essay sample on Lesson 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The initial situation began when Lear asks Cordelia, â€Å"What can you say to draw / A third more opulent than your sisters? † (I i 87-88), in which she answers â€Å"Nothing, my lord† (I i 89). This demonstrates Lear’s arrogance and triggers the rash decision he makes that would greatly impact the tragic events that follow. At the end of the scene, his two elder daughters immediately work to conspire against him so that he would be left with no power at all. Goneril says to Regan that they â€Å"must do something, and i’ th’ heat† (I ii 311). This foreshadows Lear’s impending downward movement and begins the reversal of his fortunes as things go from bad to worse. Lear’s recognition of the truth and the existence of his tragic circumstance becomes slightly clear to him when he wonders whether he has lost his mind and cries out â€Å"O let me not be mad, not mad, sweet heaven! † (I v 46). Act I leaves off at this stage where Lear is about to suffer tremendously before further stages of recognition, retribution, and restitution occur later in the play. ) In Act I of King Lear, references to the principle motifs of nature and the unnatural, sanity/madness, and â€Å"nothing† all reinforce the downward movement of Lear’s perception of his own identity. Lear’s Fool constantly tries to warn him of his mistake in a series of riddles, puns, and songs: â€Å"The hedge-sparrow fed the cuckoo so long / That it had it head bit off by it young† (I iv 221-222). Referencing the nature of animals in that song, the Fool is telling Lear that his two daughters resemble a traitorous â€Å"cuckoo† who betrays the one who raised them. This emphasizes the eventual downward movement of Lear’ perception of his own identity as a father who is so â€Å"loved† by his daughters. When Lear leaves Goneril’s castle and is preparing to visit his other daughter Regan, he prayed to heaven that he would not go crazy: â€Å"O let me not be mad, not mad, sweet heaven! Keep me in temper, I would not be mad! † (I v 46-47). Lear’s fear of going insane from his daughter’s betrayal demonstrates another downward movement of Lear’s perception of his own identity. Also, references to the motif of nothingness occur when the Fool is speaking to Lear in the presence of Kent. The Fool asks Lear, â€Å"Can you make no use of nothing, Nuncle? † (I iv 133-134), in which Lear responds, â€Å"Why, no boy. Nothing can be made out of nothing† (I iv 135-136). This is foreshadowing Lear’s inevitable downfall because he would soon have nothing to make use of since he has chosen to hand all of his formal authority over to his two daughters who do not actually love him. It appears that Lear’s perception of his positive, all-powerful identity is about to lead him into a tragic breakdown in the way the three motifs of nature and the unnatural, sanity/madness, and â€Å"nothing† are referenced throughout the first Act of the play. c) Lear calls upon his three daughters and announces that he intends to divide his kingdom among them, promising the greatest share to the daughter who declares that she loves him the most. Goneril begins with her speech telling Lear that she loves him â€Å"more than words can wield† (I i 57) and Regan makes a request to receive the same value of fortunes as her sister, telling Lear, â€Å"I am made of that same mettle as my sister, / And prize me at her worth. In my true heart / I find she names my very deed of love† (I i 71-73). Both daughters’ speeches, filled with exaggerated flattery and blatant lies, earn each one a generous portion of the kingdom, while Lear decides to banish his youngest daughter Cordelia for not flattering him as the sisters did. As a result, Kent intercepts to warn Lear, â€Å"Reserve thy state, / And in thy best consideration check / This hideous rashness. Answer my life my judgment† (I i 151-153). Kent stakes his life on his opinion that Cordelia is actually the most loyal of the three daughters and begs for Lear to reconsider his rash decision, but he too gets banished by Lear, showing us how Lear is causing his own downward movement due to his excessive pride. Goneril later insults the foolishness of Lear giving away his powers, when she tells Oswald â€Å"let him to my sister, / Whose mind and mine I know in that are one, / Not to be overruled. Idle old man, / That still would manage those authorities / That he hath given away† (I iii 15-19). This shows Lear’s downward movement as Goneril treats him poorly and is certain her sister will treat him the same way. The Fool also reminds Lear of his terrible decision in handing his fortunes over to his daughters. When Lear begins to realize his own mistake, the Fool tells him in a riddle that a snail has a house â€Å"to put ‘s head in; not to give it away to his daughters, and leave his horns without a case† (I v 31-32). All of these situations demonstrate the inevitable downfall of the noble King Lear as his two daughters conspire to strip him of all his remaining power and fortunes. Key Question 9 In an ordered society, both justice and mercy are fundamental. However, in many circumstances they cannot be simultaneously applied. On its own, justice is more essential than mercy in order to maintain a civilized society. With a system of justice, we could prevent future crimes from taking place, maintain people’s rights and freedom, as well as prevent society from plunging into a state of destruction. With a justice system in place we could take preventive measures against future crimes and laws being broken. If people are punished for the crimes they commit, there would be fewer crimes and less mayhem in the world. People who demonstrate no mecy or remorse for the harm they inflict upon others deserve to be punished, otherwise they will continue their wrongdoings. In Act IV of King Lear, when Cornwall dies from the injuries inflicted by the servant during Gloucester’s blinding, Albany interprets his death as divine retribution. He cries out â€Å"This shows you are above, / You justicers, that these our nether crimes / So speedily can venge† (Iv ii 79-80). Since Cornwall has been punished for blinding Gloucester he can no longer harm other characters. Cornwall carried on with his evil intentions until he received his punishment (his own death) which finally put an end to his actions. Society requires a justice system in order to maintain people’s rights, freedom, and equality. In the play, Edgar, Cordelia, and Kent are three characters who have been treated unfairly and were left with no opportunity o prove themselves innocent. Cordelia is fortunate to have her own freedom after leaving the kingdom and marrying the Duke of France. However, Edgar and Kent were left to fend for themselves in order to survive and be accepted by others. When Edgar runs into his father Gloucester, he cries, â€Å"Who is ‘t can say ‘I am at the worst? ’ / I am worse than e’er I was† (Iv i 24-26). Edgar, who must disguise himself as â€Å"poor mad Tom† (IV i 27) in order to be accepted, considers the condition he is in as being the worst ever, compared to anyone else. These characters should be able to stand up for themselves and voice their opinions without being wrongly punished when it is not what other people want to hear. Edgar and Kent are left to suffer from other people’s mistakes because there is no righteousness in the way they were treated. In an ordered society, everyone deserves to have their own freedom of speech and be treated as equal, regardless of their opinions on different matters. Social justice can ensure that every individual receives the same treatment. An all-merciful society would lead the world to a state of ultimate chaos and destruction. Human existence would constantly be threatened by the dangers of society without a proper system of justice. Regan and Goneril continue to pose as a threat towards Lear and those who are on his side. When arguing with his wife, Albany points out that â€Å"If the heavens do not their visible spirits / Send quickly down to tame these vile offenses, / It will come, / Humanity must perforce prey on itself, / Like monsters of the deep. (iv ii 46-49). Albany implies that if the gods do not quickly bring justice everyone will eventually turn against each other, so without someone serving justice to all the evil people, humanity would be threatened by our own human race. Justice would prevail over mercy. In order to maintain a civilized society, people should receive proper punishment and suffer the consequences for their crimes so that we can prevent further crimes in the world, promote freedom and equality, and prevent tyranny in the world. If the Lear universe had a system of justice in place much like in our world today, many of the events leading to the tragic ending could have been avoided. Justice, in all aspects, makes a better resolution than mercy and will continue to serve to make society safe and secure. Works Cited Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Toronto: Signet Classic Shakespeare, 1998. Well expressed but a bit overstated! Justice involves more than punishment so the concept of justice that you were working from is skewed. 45/50 How to cite Lesson 6, Essay examples

The Portfolio About The Cultural Change

Question: Explain The Portfolio about the cultural change. Answer: Introduction The portfolio is concerned about the cultural and change aspects of the concerned organization. In this case, the concerned organization is Boots UK, the company works in partnership with those entrepreneurs those who provide valuable offers to the company by offering their ground braking concepts (Boots-uk.com 2016). The company also welcomes innovators from all over the world who in turn share their expertise and experience and thereby keeps the company in a profitable condition. As the company works with the external partners and thereby gains the accessibility to various exciting and innovative products and technologies. These products can be licensed and co-developed for meeting the needs of the company. This also helps the organization to flourish in the excessively competitive market. The organization adopts a number of strategies to cope up with the ever-increasing competitiveness in the market (Boots-uk.com 2016). The first and foremost strategy adopted by the company is the inventive strategy. Under inventive strategy, Boots UK increases its number of products and expands its business in new markets through the existing or new businesses of the company (Alliance Boots 2016). This can be explained with the help of the following Ansoffs matrix, Products Markets New Existing Existing Penetrating the market New products New Expanding the existing market Diversification Figure 1: Ansoffs matrix (Source: Lozano 2012) Another strategy is renovative strategy; it states that under this strategy an organization keeps on doing what it is doing currently. Moreover, it follows the existing strategy rather than making any strategic reform. Boots UK also follows incremental strategy. It is believed that by following this strategy is impossible to accomplish in an effective and efficient manner because the strategic problems are complicated and are changing continuously (Teece 2012). Therefore, it is essential for the strategy to be incremental or adaptive; this will in turn help the organization to adapt to the changes occurring inside as well as outside the organization. Change within the organization will lead to a change in this strategic framework as well as the organizational culture. Therefore, it is essential for Boots UK to identify the current strategic framework and the organizational culture along with the needs to implement changes so that the existing framework and policy could be redesigned or changed for increasing the profitability of the organization (Jiang et al. 2012). Overview of change and change management: According to Bloom et al. (2013), change plays a very important role in the context of industrial practices. However, the term change has not been defined yet in a widely accepted way. The appropriateness of organizational change management and cultural practices depend upon how the developed theories are fitted with the practice and vice versa. Author sums up these arguments in an efficient manner, such as, Theory is defined as the genre where everything is known and nothing works Practice is the genre where everything works However, the reason is unknown, Here theory and practices are combined and where theory and practices is combined nothing works at all and nobody knows the reason behind. In a situation like this, it is quite unlikely that a single change model will fit perfectly to the situation. Hence, there is a scope to develop a more efficient model of change. Therefore, there is a dire need to move away from static models to a dynamic one, which stresses more on the dynamics of change rather than the contents and substances of change (Gioia et al. 2013). Changes, which are generally small and simple, are characterized as hard problems and these changes are managed by day-to-day operational management activities (Nica 2013). These specific types of changes are not referred to as the changes made by managers and the management process of these changes are not termed as the change management. Managers on the other hand will have to consider a number of factors, which are dynamic as well as complex in nature. These factors should be considered before making any management decisions (Lozano 2012). If these factors are considered it will affect he efficiency, efficacy as well as effectiveness of the change process and thereby ensure the sustainability of the organization. A social process necessitating responsibilities associated with effective organizational planning and regulation for establishing the efficient operability of the enterprise. For the fulfillment of the purposes the process must include, Proper judgment and decision-making capability for designing plans and making use of available data for evaluation the progress of the plan The dedication, guidance and motivation of the person constituting the organization and thereby establishing its operability As pointed out by author, the four key elements of management are planning, coordination, control and motivation. However, according to author, organizing, planning, coordinating, commanding and controlling are the five main functions associated with effective management. While discharging their duty efficiently and well as in an effective manner managers are faced with a number of changes regularly (Klein et al. 2012). Therefore, it is essential to determine the difference between management and change management. Change can be characterized as the process of making things different. However, this thing needs mentioning actual and perceived changes explicitly. Therefore, organizational change management is defined as the path and procedure involved in the transformation of an organization (Stahl et al. 2012). However, the human resource management personnel defines change management as, the efficient and methodical approach and application of knowledge, resources and tools for dealing with changes within the organization (Inkson et al. 2012). According to these personnel, change management depicts explaining and adopting corporate strategies, procedures, structures and technologies and thereby dealing with the changes in the external conditions as well as the environment of the business. Hence, change management or managing the organizational or cultural change is simply a management control structure established with the help of applying effective management interventions that incorporates people for achieving a desired state along with predefined outcomes of performance in accordance with the strategy of the organization (O'Reilly and Tushman 2013). Concept of Organizational Change and change management: In order to shed light on the concept of organizational change and managing the change it is necessary to gain sufficient knowledge about the different types of change prevalent in any organization (Ki et al. 2015). A number of models have been developed for considering these various types of organizational changes. Therefore, to gain a broader insight about the concerned topic, the level of change, size and scope of change, momentum of the change and the nature of change will be considered in this section of the portfolio (Schaltegger et al. 2012). Level of Organizational Change: According to Robbins et al. (2013), there are mainly three stages of changes in an organization. The first among them is the organizational specific change. Then comes the generic organization based change programmes like business process engineering and then finally or the third factor in the generic multi organizational change programmes, such as mergers and acquisitions. The scope and size of change: Child (2005) designed an useful model for differentiating between scope of change and type of change (Avolio and Yammarino 2013), This model is known as the Childs model of organizational change, Approaches toward organizational change Planned Emergent Entire Organization Radical BPR Organic development (Developing startup company) Departmental merger Implementing changes in the selection process of new members as made by the teams Partial Organization Incremental Annually targeted improvements Learning in the organization Entire Organization Changes associated on the performance plans of staff Improving continuously with the help of project teams Partial Organization Figure 1: Childs Model of Organizational Change (Source: Avolio and Yammarino 2013) While using this model it should also be kept in mind that it is easy to define radical and incremental change and these kinds of changes can be measured as well. Often the perceived scale of change may be more important than that of the actual scale of change. These changes are observable in Boots UK; the organization evidently went through these types of changes. However, now it is necessary to determine the current situation of the organization in the competitive market and thereby implement organizational change programme accordingly (Garca-Morales et al. 2012). Nature of Change: Planned or Unplanned: In the case of organizational change it is normally assumed that all the changes in the organization are planned and rational along with this it also possesses efficient control over all the processes and resources. However, according to Rafferty et al. (2013), there may arise situations when a less planned but logical method can be adopted. Another argument, which is considered as parallel to this approach, is adopting an organic approach towards change against an expected mechanistic approach. It is also expected that if changes emerge, then as per one approach the management of the organization will throw a symbolical grenade over the organization and watch what will happen (Rglinger et al. 2012). For example, it can be seen in the context of Boots UK that, the organization once had set about the rumor mongering around restructuring and job cuts. Therefore, notifying the employees about job cuts and also informs the employees formally about the fact that all jobs have been red circled and they are required to apply for new positions (Battilana and Casciaro 2012). During this time period the communication with the management is kept low deliberately. Then the management watched what happened after a period of time. Hence it is observed that the employees automatically adapted to the changed work environment without the intervention of management. Nature of the change: (Hard/ Soft change): The hard elements of change are characterized as the tasks within change management, which are defined and measurable. On the other hand, the soft factors are the motivation and culture (Haslam et al. 2014). These soft factors are quite more difficult to evaluate. Therefore, the focus of Boots UK should be concentrated on the task management factors associated with the soft factors during the interventions of change. According to Symon and Cassell (2012), there are four hard factors, which are correlated with outcome of intervention of changes. These factors are time duration, dependence on the managers, commitment and dedication of the employees and the effort exerted by the employees (Galliers and Leidner 2014). The momentum of change: Magnitude and Speed Momentum of change is the combination of sped and magnitude associated with the change. This is a crucial concept in assessing the characteristics of various types of change. It has been observed previously that it is not easy to predict the momentum of change, however t can be anticipated (Hayes 2014). Interventions for managing changes may be considered from the available options. The following model depicts the momentum of change model, Magnitude of Change Planned Large Change Slow Change Big Bang Large Change Fast Change Smooth Small Change Slow Change Bumpy Small Change Fast Change Figure 2: Model of momentum of change (Source: Haslam et al. 2014) The model above depicts momentum of change based on two key variables magnitude of change and speed of change. In the chart above, the smooth and bumpy changes are categorized as small changes relative to the others (Benn et al. 2014). These changes differ in the speed of it implementation. Smooth changes generally occur over a longer period of time compared to the latter. Smooth changes occur in a small set of steps and sometimes pointed out as incremental and are rarely noticeable in the daily business of an organization. The example of such changes is minor changes in the policy structure (Fugate et al. 2012). On the other hand, bumpy changes are easily noticeable as these changes are fast and for this these changes requires quick response on the part of the managers as well as the employees who are dealing with this change (Cummings and Worley 2014). The example of these types of changes would be the organization going through crisis and needs significant amount of investment. Rationale behind implementing the organizational change process in Boots UK Now, in this section it will be discussed why the organization needs to implement change. The changes within an organization are determined by a number of push and pull factors. Sometimes organizations are faced with choices between they are forced to change or they are willing to change (Bootà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Handford and Smyth 2013). In some cases, the organizations are forced to change because of some legal factors. In the case of Boots UK the needs and rationale for implementing change is necessary to determine. This will help the company to find out the actual trigger for change. In order to determine the strategic change in the Boots UK a number of factors are identified which may act as the trigger for initiating change, The company faces challenges regarding growth, especially in the global market The recent economic downturn and complicated condition for trading Strategic reform Technological redesigning Competitive pressures including mergers and acquisition Pressure for learning various organizational skills and behaviors Legislative and government initiatives According to Beirne (2013), it is necessary to understand change in the context of a changing organization. This puts a number of simultaneous adaptive pressure on the employees. Boots UK decided to implement changes based on the external drivers as well as the internal drivers. In order to examine the external drivers for change in Bots UK, PESTLE analysis can be used. The PESTLE analysis is used shed light on the political, economic, sociological, technological, legal and environmental framework that can affect the strategic as well as cultural change in the organization. Implementing PESTLE analysis on Alliance Boots GmbH UK, the PESTLE analysis is based solely on the study conducted by Leal-Rodrguez et al. (2015). Political factors: The recent government policy of drug pricing is the key political factor that affects the Boots UK. There are occurrence of parallel import as well as attitude to grey market Presently monopoly investigations are taking place at national level as well as the European Union level, associated with the perfume distribution. Economic factors: During the time of recession the demand for customers with prescription remains the same The demand for products of the company which are generally used as gift giving items is affected during recession Social factors: The pressure of fashion and lifestyle acts as an important stimulus for increasing r decreasing the demand for beauty products The involvement of media in encouraging preventive medicines is acting as a stimulus in the market. As the travel activity is increasing it is also increasing the demand for travel elated products, such as sun cream etc. Technological factors: An increasing trend of online buying is compelling the organizations to change the technological framework for supporting the buyers with improved buying experience. Environmental factors: Some environmental factors are also impacting on the company externally, such s the packaging issue that is affecting the environment adversely The environmental and ethical market initiated niche retailers such as the body shop; these are now emerging in the main stream market as well. Legal factors: It is necessary for the company to follow proper legal framework and guidelines strictly, such as the labor law and employee safety act. It is also important to increase spending on research and development. This PESTEL analysis provides a very efficient and useful analytical framework for analyzing the external factors that play significant role in shaping up the external environment of the organization. When PESTLE analysis is combined with SWOT analysis, an evidence-based approach helps in designing the strategic decisions (Moore 2012). The SWOT analysis mainly classifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The factors identified in the PESTLE analysis can be used in this framework as the strengths and weaknesses and these are broadly the internal factors of the organizations, which can be used against the external organizational factors such as opportunities and threats. In this looking-out and looking-in, approach provides an internal-external organizational analysis and helps in the strategic management process if carried out in an efficient and purposeful manner (Moore 2012). SWOT analysis of Alliance Boots GmbH, UK: The SWOT analysis is also an analytical tool that tests the internal as well as external factors affecting the organization. Strengths: The key strength of the company is that it possesses a strong distribution network of the pharmaceutical products. Strong marketing as well as rebranding strategies that helps to gain competitive advantage. The wide range of products helps the company to improve its business Weaknesses: The market is concentrated specifically and this is increasing the risk factors Opportunities: Developing partnership with other organizations will improve the market positioning of the organization Again growth in different geographical locations will help the organization to improve its global reach Collaborating with Welgreen made the country able to become the first global wellbeing industry led by global pharmacy. Threats: Increased competition in the market may decrease the profit margins of the company Stringent rules and regulations within the organization is another potential threat before the company. Based on the SWOT and PESTLE framework taken together it can be seen that though Alliance Boots UK is in a good shape and situation it also faces a number of difficulties. Again, in order to flourish in the increasingly competitive market it is also required for the Boots UK to implement certain changes in its partnership policy, employment and retention policy and in some other sectors as well (Alliance Boots 2016). In order to cope up with the competition the company can also adopt certain unique strategies. These strategies may include development of high-end products and which is also differentiated from the existing products in the market. Expectedly, this advanced change in the strategic framework will help the organization to flourish in near future. This is in the context of external analysis, in order to find out the rationale behind implementing change it is also necessary to take into account the analysis of internal drivers as well (Alliance Boots 2016). A number of internal factors such as the leadership techniques, human resource management policies, structural framework, business plan along with job structure etc. determine the structural change implementation in the organization. Models of Organizational Change: The most popular model for change management is the Lewins three-phase model. This model is the most widely used model for managing the changes within the organization. The three stages for managing changes are unfreezing, movement and refreezing. At the unfreezing stage resistance towards change is lowered for recognizing and accepting the need of change (Leal-Rodrguez et al. 2015). In the next stage that is movement stage; new attitudes are developed for encouraging the behaviors which are essential for the occurrence of change. In the last stage, that is in the refreezing stage the organization performs stabilizing, supporting and reinforcing activities for helping the new changed conditions. This model depicts a systematic approach towards management of change by describing a sequence if processes which are well defined. The model is based on the context that by identifying and understanding the key steps involved in the process of change; the likelihood of occurrence of change management is increased (Leal-Rodrguez et al. 2015). Managers do this by making improved and enhanced decision and determine which interventions should be used for the effective management of change. The developer of this model also gave rise to force field analysis technique for determining the forces for and against change. At different points of time there are a number of forces that will act for the change and some factors will act against the change (Teece 2012). When the sum the factors acting for and against the changes are equal then these forces cancel each other. Hence, when the forces driving changes are greater than that of the forces which are against changes, change will take place and the organization will move to a newer place. In the case of Boots UK the forces acting for driving the changes, such as changing the human resource practices, increasing competitiveness of the market and partnership policies are greater than that of the forces acting against the changes such as the current policies of the organization, success in the present market, and increase in the current market share. As the force acting in favor of change is greater, hence, change will take place and the organization will be at a new place (Beirne 2013). Therefore, as per this model in the first stage Boots UK will determine the initial problems within and outside the organization (Beirne 2013). That is the issues with external environment of the company along with the internal policy and strategies of the organization. Then the organization will collect data regarding these issues and try to diagnose the problems. In the movement stage, the organization will perform an action planning in accordance with the diagnosed problems and implement this action plan (Lozano 2012). Then the effectiveness of these strategies will be verified. Then at the last stage, assessment of these strategies will be done and the organization will be able to learn from the process as well. Challenges of implementing organizational change: While implementing the change programme the organization were faced with a number of difficulties. At first, the behavior of the employees became a prior challenge as acceptability of the employees towards change is a prior challenge (Lozano 2012). On the other hand, the efficacy of the company while implementing the change program is another crucial factor that should be taken into account (Nica 2013). The organization should be concerned about the environment of applicability of these changes. Again, another challenge faced by Boots UK while implementing the change programme is the readiness of the targeted customers of the company. Moreover, whenever a change is implemented the experience of a year old employee becomes obsolete, therefore, it is quite evident that they will also oppose change implementation. End result of cultural change in Boots UK In the context of end results it is observed that the implementation of appropriate strategies gave rise to the successful outcome of the Boots UK. The company is a leading pharmaceutical company in United Kingdom. The initial objectives of the change implementation programme have been met (Boots-uk.com 2016). With the help of this programme a number of operational improvements have been implemented. A number of great results have also been obtained by implementing the strategic change programme. It is found that the engagement scores of the employees increased significantly at each site. The service delivery process has been improved significantly with the help of implementing this process and the delivery processes at the stores have also been improved. The retention rate of the employees has also been increased and this have used the supervisors as the key resources (Boots-uk.com 2016). It has made the organization to become able to make it sure to deliver the necessary intangible resources. Conclusion: In order to conclude it can be said that the portfolio has met all the requirements as stated in the question quite evidently. In order to conduct the assignment a rigorous review of literature has been conducted in this regard. With the help of the knowledge gained by this literature review answers have been provided to the questions. The Boots UK a leading pharmaceutical manufacturing farm had been planning to implement change process. 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